The sonnet, derived from the Italian word “sonetto” meaning “little song,” is a 14-line poem with a rich history and diverse forms. From Shakespeare to Petrarch, this poetic structure has captivated writers and readers for centuries. This guide explores the elements of a sonnet, offering a step-by-step approach to crafting your own, from beginner-friendly tips to mastering the nuances of meter and meaning.
Contents
Understanding the Sonnet Form
A traditional sonnet boasts several key characteristics:
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Fourteen Lines: This is the defining feature of a sonnet. This seemingly simple constraint provides a framework for focused expression.
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Rhyme Scheme: Sonnets employ specific rhyme schemes, connecting lines through sonic echoes. The Shakespearean (or English) sonnet follows an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG pattern, concluding with a rhyming couplet. The Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet uses a more complex ABBAABBA CDECDE or ABBAABBA CDCDCD structure. Variations exist within these forms, offering flexibility for the poet.
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Meter: Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in sonnets. This rhythmic pattern consists of five iambs (an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable) per line, creating a pulse that drives the poem forward. Think of Shakespeare’s famous line: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” Each “dah-DUM” represents an iamb.
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Volta (The Turn): The volta is a shift in thought or emotion, typically occurring between the octave (first eight lines) and the sestet (final six lines) in a Petrarchan sonnet, or before the final couplet in a Shakespearean sonnet. This turn adds depth and complexity, revealing a new perspective on the poem’s subject.
“Sunrise on the Bay of Fundy” by William Bradford (1823-1892)
Crafting Your Own Sonnet: A Step-by-Step Approach
Level 1: Free Verse Sonnet
Begin by selecting a subject: a person, place, object, or even an abstract concept. Engage your senses and emotions. What do you see, hear, feel, smell, and taste? Write freely, focusing on expressing your response to the subject. Don’t worry about rhyme or meter at this stage. Aim for lines that are roughly equal in length and try to complete a thought within each line.
Level 2: Incorporating Rhyme
Now, introduce rhyme. Online rhyming dictionaries can be helpful. If struggling to find a rhyme, consider using synonyms or rephrasing. Partial rhymes are also acceptable. Experiment with different rhyme schemes, starting with a simple AABB CCDD EEFF GG pattern.
Level 3: Structure and Form
Embrace a more structured approach. Choose a traditional rhyme scheme like the Shakespearean or Petrarchan sonnet. Start counting syllables, aiming for ten per line. This introduces a sense of order and rhythm.
Level 4: Mastering Meter and Meaning
Delve into the intricacies of iambic pentameter. Pay attention to the placement of stressed and unstressed syllables. This adds a musicality to your sonnet, enhancing its impact. Consider the volta and how it shapes the poem’s overall meaning. Each word should contribute to the poem’s central idea.
Level 5: The Soundless Sonnet
This final stage involves reflecting on the purpose and meaning behind your poetry. Consider the larger message you are trying to convey. A truly impactful sonnet transcends mere technical skill and resonates with a deeper sense of purpose.
Example: From Free Verse to Formal Sonnet
Let’s use the image of “Sunrise on the Bay of Fundy” as inspiration:
Level 1 (Free Verse):
The wind is strong, the waves crash and churn,
But the sunrise is a beautiful sight.
I feel peaceful watching the new day return.
The colors paint the sky with golden light.
Level 2 (Rhyme):
The wind is strong, the waves crash near and far,
A golden sunrise paints the sky afar,
A peaceful feeling starts to gently stir,
As light descends upon the watery bar.
This is just the beginning of the process. By continuing through the levels, refining your language, and honing your skills, you can transform a simple observation into a powerful and resonant sonnet.