The sonnet, a 14-line lyrical poem, boasts a rich history and diverse range of forms, each distinguished by its unique rhyme scheme. Understanding these schemes is key to appreciating the intricate artistry of the sonnet. This guide explores the rhyme schemes of various sonnet types, from the classic Petrarchan to the innovative Spenserian.
Contents
The Petrarchan Sonnet: ABBAABBA CDECDE or CDCDCD
Originating in 13th-century Italy and popularized by Petrarch, this sonnet divides into two distinct sections:
- Octave (first 8 lines): Establishes the theme or problem, following the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA. This creates a sense of interconnectedness and builds towards the volta.
- Sestet (final 6 lines): Offers a resolution, reflection, or counter-argument to the octave. The rhyme scheme can be either CDECDE or CDCDCD.
Examples of Petrarchan sonnets include John Milton’s “When I Consider How my Light Is Spent” and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “How Do I Love Thee.”
The Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Developed in 16th-century England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the Shakespearean sonnet features a different structure:
- Three Quatrains (4 lines each): Develop the poem’s theme through three stages, each quatrain building upon the previous one, with the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF.
- Couplet (final 2 lines): Provides a concluding statement, a twist, or a summary of the preceding quatrains, rhyming GG. This concise ending often leaves a lasting impression.
Shakespeare’s sonnets, along with works like George Herbert’s “Love (II),” exemplify this form.
The Spenserian Sonnet: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
Edmund Spenser, in his Amoretti, introduced a variation on the Shakespearean sonnet:
- Interlocking Quatrains: The rhyme scheme, ABAB BCBC CDCD EE, links the quatrains, creating a sense of flow and continuity.
- Concluding Couplet: Similar to the Shakespearean sonnet, the couplet provides a concluding thought or resolution.
Other Sonnet Forms and Their Rhyme Schemes
Beyond the primary sonnet forms, several variations exist, each with its unique structure and rhyme scheme:
- Spenserian Sonnet: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
- Italian Sonnet: ABBAABBA CDDCEE
- Curtal Sonnet: ABC ABC DEBDE (with a final shortened line)
- Caudate Sonnet: Extends the sonnet with additional lines (codas or tails)
Understanding the rhyme scheme of a sonnet provides valuable insight into its structure, flow, and how the poet develops and resolves the central theme. It allows for a deeper appreciation of the intricate artistry and enduring power of this poetic form.
Exploring Sonnets Further
For a deeper dive into the world of sonnets, explore the following resources:
- “Learning the Sonnet”
- “The Sonnet as a Silver Marrow Spoon”
- Browse more sonnets
This exploration of rhyme schemes serves as a starting point for appreciating the complexity and beauty of the sonnet. By understanding these structural elements, readers can unlock a richer understanding and enjoyment of this enduring poetic form.