Sonnets, derived from the Italian word “sonetto” meaning “little song,” are 14-line poems renowned for their intricate rhyme schemes and exploration of a single sentiment. While the sonnet form offers flexibility, the presence of rhyme remains a defining characteristic, binding the lines together and contributing to the poem’s overall musicality. This exploration delves into the world of rhyming sonnets, examining various forms and their unique structures.
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The Petrarchan Sonnet and its Rhyming Structure
The Petrarchan sonnet, also known as the Italian sonnet, is divided into two distinct sections: an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The octave follows an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme, establishing a melodic foundation for the poem. The sestet, offering a “turn” or shift in thought, can follow either a CDCDCD or CDECDE rhyme pattern. This structured rhyme creates a sense of unity and completion within the poem. Famous examples include John Milton’s “When I Consider How my Light Is Spent” and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “How Do I Love Thee.”
The Shakespearean Sonnet: A Rhyming Evolution
The English or Shakespearean sonnet, developed by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a concluding couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This structure allows for a more gradual development of the poem’s central theme, with the final couplet offering a concise summary or surprising twist. Wilfred Owen’s “Anthem for Doomed Youth,” George Herbert’s “Love (II),” Claude McKay’s “America,” and Molly Peacock’s “Altruism” showcase the versatility of this rhyming form.
Variations on the Sonnet Form and their Rhymes
Beyond the Petrarchan and Shakespearean forms, numerous variations exist, each with its unique rhyming characteristics. The Spenserian sonnet, for example, interlocks the quatrains with an ABAB BCBC CDCD EE rhyme scheme, creating a continuous flow of sound. Other variations, such as the caudate sonnet and the curtal sonnet, also employ distinct rhyming patterns to achieve specific effects.
Sonnet Sequences and the Power of Connected Rhymes
Sonnet sequences, groups of sonnets linked by theme or narrative, demonstrate the power of rhyme to create cohesion across multiple poems. Works like George Meredith’s Modern Love and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese utilize rhyme not only within individual sonnets but also to connect the sequence as a whole, creating a rich and layered tapestry of sound and meaning.
The Enduring Appeal of Sonnets That Rhyme
The enduring appeal of sonnets lies in their ability to combine intricate structure with emotional depth. The use of rhyme, whether in traditional or innovative ways, enhances the poem’s musicality, emphasizes key words and phrases, and creates a sense of closure. Exploring the various forms and rhyme schemes of sonnets allows readers to appreciate the artistry and versatility of this timeless poetic form.